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ScienceDaily · 31 Oct 2026 · Supplements / medicine

A vitamin A signal helped pattern the center of the retina in lab-grown human tissue

ScienceDaily posted this on 31 October 2026. Robert J. Johnston Jr. and colleagues at Johns Hopkins report in PNAS (Hussey et al., DOI 10.1073/pnas.2510799123) that retinoic acid, a signal made from vitamin A, helps decide which cone cells form in the center of human retinal organoids grown from fetal tissue. The researchers say the foveola accounts for about half of visual perception. In the organoids, some blue cones were present around weeks 10 to 12, and by week 14 those cells appeared to have converted toward red and green cones. Retinoic acid limited blue cones in the center, and thyroid hormone helped leftover blue cones become red or green. That challenges a model, about 30 years old, in which blue cones migrate inward and their identities stay fixed. The work does not fully rule migration out. Hussey is now at CiRC Biosciences. This is lab-grown fetal tissue. It is not a trial of vitamin A pills, and it does not show that an adult vitamin A supplement improves sharp vision. Cell replacement is a long-term research hope, not a treatment from this result. Not medical advice.

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ScienceDaily · 30 Oct 2026 · Exercise

Very high blood p-tau217 marked a 38 percent five-year chance of cognitive impairment in older adults who were unimpaired at the start

ScienceDaily posted this on 30 October 2026. The journal paper is older: Buckley RF and colleagues, JAMA, DOI 10.1001/jama.2026.12556, journal date 15 July 2026. A University College London repository record lists it as JAMA volume 336, issue 11, pages 950 to 959. The investigators pooled six cohorts in North America, Japan, and Australia. At entry, 2,684 older adults were cognitively unimpaired. Blood p-tau217 and amyloid PET were measured at baseline. Follow-up ran from as early as 2004 through 2025, and some people were followed as long as 13.5 years. About 478 later developed cognitive impairment. A very high p-tau217 level, more than 2.5 standard deviations above the reference, carried an estimated 38 percent absolute risk at five years (95 percent confidence interval 33 to 43 percent, from the UCL and JAMA abstract). A high band, 1.1 to 2.4 standard deviations, was 24 percent (20 to 28 percent) at five years. The 10-year risk in the very-high group was estimated up to 78 percent, but the data at that horizon are sparse. Per 1 standard deviation higher p-tau217, the hazard ratio was 1.38 (1.30 to 1.46), and it remained 1.32 (1.24 to 1.41) after accounting for amyloid PET. The association went beyond APOE4. The author group, including Reisa Sperling, said the test is not recommended now for routine screening of people without symptoms, because there is no proven disease-modifying treatment for asymptomatic people at high risk. The release still points to physical activity, food, sleep, and general wellness regardless of the test. The cohorts were selected and may not represent everyone. A blood result is not a diagnosis. Sperling consults widely, including for Novo Nordisk and Lilly, and trial funding named in the disclosures includes Eisai and Lilly. Not medical advice.

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  • study
  • cognition
  • aging
  • sleep

Medical Xpress · 30 Oct 2026 · Research

A review of testosterone trials found no clear memory gain in postmenopausal women, and called the evidence too small to settle

Medical Xpress posted this on 30 October 2026. Aimee Spector, Alexandra Faulkner, and colleagues at University College London review testosterone and cognition in Reproduction and Fertility (DOI 10.1530/RAF-26-0080). They found five studies in postmenopausal women aged 41 to 65. Perimenopause was not included. A meta-analysis of three randomized trials covered 244 women. Doses were given daily, weekly, or monthly for 4 to 26 weeks. There was no statistically significant improvement in the cognitive scores they pooled, including executive function, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial performance. Faulkner described this as a lack of sufficient evidence, not as evidence that testosterone has no effect. The British Menopause Society and the International Menopause Society support testosterone for low libido only, not for cognition. The review notes that prescribing has anecdotally risen in the UK National Health Service and in private clinics. Trial data came from Australia, Canada, the United States, and Sweden. Hormone use is clinician-only. This is not a recommendation to start, stop, or change a hormone. Not medical advice.

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  • study
  • cognition

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